CPU architecture is the blueprint that defines how a processor is built and how it handles instructions, data, and communication inside a computer. At its core, it describes the components of the CPU and the rules that govern how they work together to execute programs efficiently.

Hard disk drives use spinning magnetic platters and a moving read/write head to store and retrieve large amounts of digital data reliably.

Solid state drives store data on flash memory chips with no moving parts, giving them far faster speed and better durability than traditional hard drives.

Controller cards act as specialised expansion boards that let a computer manage extra hardware—like storage drives, networks, or input devices—with greater speed and flexibility.

Graphic cards are specialised processors that render complex images and video by rapidly performing parallel calculations far beyond what a standard CPU can handle.